Review of High-Performance Coding Schemes: Turbo, Polar, and Hybrid Codes for 5G and 6G
S. V. Viraktamath1, Uddavva Atagal2*, Shrusti Kotyal3*, Sneha Mohan Kalkoti4*
Abstract
Error correction coding (ECC) is fundamental to achieving reliable communication over noisy channels. This review presents a unified analysis of Turbo codes, Polar codes, and their hybrid concatenated variants such as Turbo-Polar, LDPC-Polar, and Parity-Check-Concatenated (PCC) Polar codes, which are vital for 5G and beyond-5G (6G) systems. Turbo codes, introduced by Berrou et al., approach the Shannon limit through iterative decoding but suffer from latency and error floors. Polar codes, proposed by Arıkan, achieve channel capacity using polarization and are standardized in 5G New radio control channels, though their finite-length performance is limited. Recent studies, including concatenated Turbo-Polar codes, Polar Codes for future Wireless Communications, and Optimization of Iterative Decoding for Polar Product Codes, demonstrate that hybrid schemes combining iterative and belief-propagation decoding significantly improve Bit error rate performance with reduced complexity. Collectively, these advancements highlight the evolution of coding toward high-throughput, low-latency, and energy-efficient architectures, forming the foundation for next-generation communication networks.
Keywords:
Turbo Codes; Polar Codes; Turbo Product Codes; Turbo-Polar Codes; LDPC-Polar Codes; Parity-Check-Concatenated Polar Codes; 5G New Radio;6G Communication Systems; FPGA Implementation.
