V3I9P38

A  REVIEW On Asthma: Current Concepts, Pathaophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches

B. Sadiya Nazneen^1*, M. Loka Pavani²

Abstract

Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder characterized by variable respiratory symptoms and variable expiatory airflow limitation. It is associated with airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, mucus production and structural changes of the airway wall. Symptoms commonly include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough, and may vary in intensity over time. Asthma can affect people of all ages and may be influenced by genetic susceptibility, allergens, respiratory infections, tobacco smoke, air pollution, occupational exposures, exercise and other triggers. Diagnosis is based on a characteristic history together with objective evidence of variable expiatory airflow limitation, when available. Pharmacological management aims to control symptoms, reduce the risk of exacerbation and preserve lung function. Inhaled corticosteroids are the foundation of anti-inflammatory treatment, while bronchodilators such as short-acting and long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists have important roles in appropriately selected patients. Leukotriene receptor antagonists and biologic therapies may be useful in specific clinical situations. Patient education, inhaler technique, adherence, trigger avoidance and regular assessment are essential components of comprehensive asthma care. This review summarizes the definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, classification, pharmacological treatment, non-pharmacological management and prevention of asthma.

Keywords:

Asthma; airway inflammation; bronchial hyperresponsiveness; inhaled corticosteroids; bronchodilators; beta2-agonists; Leukotriene antagonists; biologic; exacerbation