V3I1P09

Advanced Material Architectures and Sustainable Chemistries in Modern Batteries: A Comprehensive Review of Lithium, Carbon Based, Biodegradable and Post Lithium Systems

S. V. Viraktamath¹, Bhogeshrao^2*, Mahmad Sohel³, Anita Mallangoudar⁴

Abstract

This work reviews major advancements in modern battery technologies, focusing on lithium based systems, carbon and graphene supported electrodes, biodegradable power sources, and emerging post lithium chemistries. Across these areas, improvements in material composition, structural engineering, and surface modification have enabled higher energy density, improved reaction kinetics, enhanced flexibility, and better environmental compatibility. The survey also highlights progress in paper based and eco- friendly platforms, demonstrating their growing relevance for wearable, disposable, and sustainable energy applications.

Keywords:

Gel polymer electrolytes; Vanadium redox flow batteries; Sustainable battery technologies; Graphene paper; Carbon nanotubes (CNTs); Exfoliated graphite; Sputter deposition; Nitrogen doped carbon; Electrospinning; Origami inspired batteries