V2I10P21

Techno-Economic and Environmental Comparative Analysis of Electric versus Internal-Combustion Vehicles in Nigeria

Adebayo Adeyinka Victor^1*, Pelumi Peter Aluko-0lokun², Adesola J Oluwafemi³

Abstract

Our paper compares electric vehicles (EVs) and internal-combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in Nigeria, examining them through a life-cycle, techno-economic, and environmental perspective. We analyse national transport data, cost indices, and charging characteristics to assess market readiness, operating costs, and grid impacts. We also review Nigeria’s evolving regulatory framework and infrastructure constraints. The results show that, despite their higher upfront costs, EVs offer significantly lower running and maintenance costs, and deliver substantial lifecycle emissions reductions compared to similar ICEVs. Under current Nigerian conditions, we estimate greenhouse-gas savings of 28–41%. These benefits increase as charging aligns with renewable energy and as supply-chain and end-of-life policies (such as second-life use and recycling) develop. However, EV adoption is hindered by capital cost barriers, unreliable electricity supply, limited public charging infrastructure, and low public awareness. To address this, targeted fiscal incentives, battery standards, and coordinated investments in grid and charging infrastructure are crucial. Scenario analysis suggests significant reductions in external costs and highlights the benefits of equitable infrastructure rollout and system planning if EV deployment is paired with smart tariffs. We conclude with a phased policy roadmap that prioritises grid readiness, demand-side incentives, battery stewardship, and data-driven market development to unlock the environmental and economic value of EVS in Nigeria.

Keywords:

Energy-Efficient Technologies, Electric Vehicles, Internal-Combustion-Engine, Vehicle Weight Rating